We describe the eleventh major outbreak of foodborne Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in urban Venezuela, including evidence for vertical transmission from the index case to her fetus. After confirming fetal death at 24 weeks of gestation, pregnancy interruption was performed. On direct examination of the amniotic fluid, trypomastigotes were detected. T. cruzi specific-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) also proved positive when examining autopsied fetal organs. Finally, microscopic fetal heart examination revealed amastigote nests. Acute orally transmitted Chagas disease can be life threatening or even fatal for pregnant women and unborn fetuses owing to vertical transmission. There is therefore an urgent need to improve national epidemiologic control measures.

Orally transmitted Chagas disease has become a matter of concern due to outbreaks reported in four Latin American countries. Although several mechanisms for orally transmitted Chagas disease transmission have been proposed, food and beverages contaminated with whole infected triatomines or their faeces, which contain metacyclic trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, seems to be the primary vehicle. In 2007, the first recognised outbreak of orally transmitted Chagas disease occurred in Venezuela and largest recorded outbreak at that time. Since then, 10 outbreaks (four in Caracas) with 249 cases (73.5% children) and 4% mortality have occurred. The absence of contact with the vector and of traditional cutaneous and Romana’s signs, together with a florid spectrum of clinical manifestations during the acute phase, confuse the diagnosis of orally transmitted Chagas disease with other infectious diseases. The simultaneous detection of IgG and IgM by ELISA and the search for parasites in all individuals at risk have been valuable diagnostic tools for detecting acute cases. Follow-up studies regarding the microepidemics primarily affecting children has resulted in 70% infection persistence six years after anti-parasitic treatment. Panstrongylus geniculatushas been the incriminating vector in most cases. As a food-borne disease, this entity requires epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that differ from those approaches used for traditional direct or cutaneous vector transmission.

Orally transmitted Chagas disease (ChD), which is a well-known entity in the Brazilian Amazon Region, was first documented in Venezuela in December 2007, when 103 people attending an urban public school in Caracas became infected by ingesting juice that was contaminated with Trypanosoma cruzi. The infection occurred 45-50 days prior to the initiation of the sampling performed in the current study. Parasitological methods were used to diagnose the first nine symptomatic patients; T. cruzi was found in all of them. However, because this outbreak was managed as a sudden emergency during Christmas time, we needed to rapidly evaluate 1,000 people at risk, so we decided to use conventional serology to detect specific IgM and IgG antibodies via ELISA as well as indirect haemagglutination, which produced positive test results for 9.1%, 11.9% and 9.9% of the individuals tested, respectively. In other more restricted patient groups, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provided more sensitive results (80.4%) than blood cultures (16.2%) and animal inoculations (11.6%). Although the classical diagnosis of acute ChD is mainly based on parasitological findings, highly sensitive and specific serological techniques can provide rapid results during large and severe outbreaks, as described herein. The use of these serological techniques allows prompt treatment of all individuals suspected of being infected, resulting in reduced rates of morbidity and mortality.

Objetivo: Determinar seropositividad para Toxoplasma gondii y Trypanosoma cruzi en embarazadas, Métodos: Estudio analítico transversal realizado en 678 gestantes. Para la detección de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma se utilizó ELISA para la captura de IgM, IgG y avidez de IgG. Para T. cruzi se realizó ELISA IgG y hemaglutinación indirecta. Ambiente: Consulta Prenatal del Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Resultados: El mayor número de pacientes se ubicó en el grupo etario 16 - 20 años, 42 % cursaba su primer embarazo, 25 % el segundo y 33 % tenía 3 o más. El 39 % se encontraba en el primer trimestre del embarazo, 43 % en el segundo y 18 % en el tercero. El despistaje para T. cruzi no mostró ninguna persona reactiva. Se presentó infección toxoplásmica por ELISA IgG en 38 % de las embarazadas de las cuales 10 pudieran corresponder a infecciones recientes por tener IgM positiva o baja avidez de anticuerpos específicos, 8 de ellas se encontraban en el primero o segundo trimestre del embarazo. Una segunda serología en 54 mujeres no reveló seroconversión. Conclusiones: La seropositividad para toxoplasmosis fue alta y detectó algunas embarazadas con infección reciente encontrándose la mayoría en los dos primeros trimestres, cuando hay riesgo de malformaciones congénitas. La combinación de estas técnicas en toxoplasmosis permite estimar tiempo de evolución y su aplicación en consultas prenatales permitiría detectar infecciones recientes para tratamiento oportuno. Es igualmente importante insistir en la obligatoriedad del diagnóstico de enfermedad de Chagas por ser transmisible al feto y encontrarse Venezuela entre los países endémicos.

Objective: To determine seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi in pregnant women. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at 678 pregnant women. ELISA was used for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies IgM, IgG and IgG avidity. For T. cruzi IgG ELISA was performed and Indirect Hemagglutination Test. Setting: Prenatal care at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Results: The highest number of patients was located in the age group 16 to 20 years, 42 % was in her first pregnancy, 25 % the second and 33 % had 3 or more. The 39 % was in the first trimester, 43 % in the second and 18 % in the third. The screening for T. cruzi showed no reactive person. Toxoplasmic infection was presented by IgG ELISA in 38 % of pregnant women of which 10 might be due to recent infections by having a positive IgM or low avidity of specific antibodies, 8 of them were in the first or second trimester of pregnancy. A second serology in 54 women did not show seroconversion. Conclusions: Toxoplasmosis seropositivity was high and detected some pregnant women with recent infection in the first two quarters, when there is risk of congenital malformations. The combination of these techniques in Toxoplasmosis can estimate time of evolution and its application in prenatal consultations would detect recent infections. It is equally important to emphasize the obligation of the diagnosis of Chagas’ disease which can be transmitted to the fetus and also because Venezuela is an endemic country.

Con el objetivo de establecer el diagnóstico confirmatorio para Trypanosoma cruzi se realizaron al menos dos pruebas inmunoserológicas (ELISA, Reacción de Hemoaglutinación Indirecta, RHI, o Reacción de Fijación de Complemento, RFC) a donantes provenientes de bancos de sangre de centros asistenciales públicos y privados de Venezuela que acudieron durante 48 meses entre los años 1997-1998 y 2003-2004 a la Sección de Inmunología del Instituto de Medicina Tropical en Caracas, Venezuela. Se evaluaron 254 donantes referidos de diferentes bancos de sangre por presentar anticuerpos anti-T. cruzi en pruebas de despistaje. Se confirmó la presencia de anticuerpos en 129/254 (50,79%) de los individuos por las técnicas de ELISA-IgG o RHI y RFC. El “xenodiagnóstico artificial” fue positivo en 10/118 (8,5%) personas con serología positiva. De 129 donantes encontrados reactivos por técnicas serológicas, 68 eran residentes de la región capital y 61 del interior del país. Así mismo, 113 nacieron en el interior del país, 8 en Caracas y 8 en Colombia. En 12 individuos confirmados serológicamente se constató la donación de sangre en mínimo 4 ocasiones antes de detectar la infección. El presente estudio resalta la importancia de la búsqueda activa de individuos con Enfermedad de Chagas a través de la detección de anticuerpos contra T. cruzi en la evaluación integral de donantes de sangre para descartar el riesgo de transmisión a otras personas. Muchos de estos donantes con anticuerpos anti-T. cruzi, la gran mayoría clínicamente asintomáticos, habían donado sangre en varias ocasiones previas al diagnóstico.

To establish the confirmatory diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, at least two immunoserological tests (ELISA, Indirect hamaglutination, IH, Complement Fixation Test, CFT) were carried out in 254 donors, from public and private blood banks of Venezuela, during 48 months between 1997-1998 and 2003-2004, referred to the Immunology Section of the Tropical Medicine Institute in Caracas. Antibodies anti-T. cruzi were detected in 129/254 (50,79%) by ELISA-IgG or IH and CFT. The “artificial xenodiagnosis” was positive in 10/118 persons with positive confirmed serology. Of 129 donors found positive by the serological tests, 68 were living in the capital region and 61 in the interior of the country. Likewise 113 were born in the interior of the country, 8 in Caracas and 8 in Colombia. Of them, 12 individuals serologically confirmed declared to have donated blood in a minimum of 4 occasions before diagnosis. The present study emphasizes the importance of detection of antibodies against T. cruzi in the integral evaluation of blood donors, since many of them with antibodies anti-T. cruzi, have donated blood several times previous to diagnosis.